I just delved deeper into it. When it comes to smog there's a special definition of "engine family." The manufacturer specifies "family" members in certification paperwork. And while GM could have lumped the 305 and 350 into a single "family," they didn't -- they did for pickups but not for cars.
So I WAS mistaken, you can't. I had to take it to another level of minutae to find that out.
If they don't check the casting code, they will likely never know. Though the 305 carb will need some retuning for a 350, similar to the old ZZ4 conversion kits. A ZZ4 prom chip would a good add on.