Yes, after some more research that was done at the expense of a lot of sleep, I also don't think I have a 10si alternator. If I remember what I was reading last night, the max output of any 10si alternator was 63 amps. This is the lowest available factory alternator output for a 1982 Cutlass. Since the 12si alternators didn't get to the Cutlass until 1983, any 1982 Cutlass that has an alternator over 63 amps, must be some sort of larger case? Cause the whole reason for the development of the 12si was increased electrical demands, and the existing larger, higher output alternators were going to be difficult to fit in the 'modern' engines of the mid-80's...if I remember my research right. So this means if I can get my hands on an alternator specifically for a 1982 Cutlass, with an output over 63 amps, it should match my current alternator size...right? In the photo below, the Remy 20039 (10si, 63 amp) is on the left, and the Remy 20239 (larger case, 70 amp) is on the right. Both of these are options for my vehicle on RockAuto. And the case on the right does look different and larger than the case on the right.I actually went through the small vs large case trying to run a 120 amp CS130 amp alternator on my 70 Cutlass S. I run a serpentine setup from a mid 90's sbc truck. Well I am pretty sure you don't have a 10SI alternator, never seen this before. You actually have the rare 15 or 27si. The brushes and regulator should be the same. Not sure why a basic Cutlass would have a special large case, higher output alternator. We got weird cars up here. I wouldn't go below 85 amps, idle output is much less vs the later CS130 or other more modern alternators.
So if I'm piecing this all together, what I'm really looking for is a Remy 22100 or equivalent (large case, 85 amp). I think there is a 0.5% chance I find one of those locally, so ordering from RockAuto may be the cheapest option.
When I bought this car, the guy selling it was super proud of the spec of vehicle it was. He said it took him a long time to find one with all of the exact specs and options that he wanted. I'm assuming this 85 amp alternator was part of the spec he was searching so hard for lol.
edit: I also find it really weird how there are NO alternator rebuild kits for a 1982 Cutlass on RockAuto. There are rebuild kits for a 1982 Monte Carlo with a 267 (the two kits say they're for 37 amp and 55 amp alternators though). There are the same two rebuild kit options for a 1982 Malibu 267. 1982 Regal 267 also has a rebuild kit available. The rebuild kit options on RA seem to be Standard Motor Products AK5 and AK6. I've never rebuilt an alternator, so I don't know if either of these rebuild kits would include the correct parts to rebuild my large case 85 amp alternator. The voltage regulator looks the same, but that's all I can really tell.
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