When a service manual or guide refers to bolt as one-time use, it could mean a few things. Some bolts from an OEM parts source have thread locking compound, sealant, or lubricant pre-applied. So instead of specifying a specific sealant / lubricant / compound, they just tell their techs to use a new bolt. This stands to save time, and they make more money on more parts going through their parts business. There are some factory service manuals showing fasteners being able to be re-used with something applied to the threads, and the same application "requiring" new fasteners to replace the old. Really, it's no different than any part assembly. I've replaced voltage regulators before. But anymore, I replace the alternator.
True torque to yield bolts like stated by someone above, refers to the bolt being stretched to an extent they are not designed to reliably be used again. The stretch process is only able to work when the shank of the bolt is equal to, or smaller than the smallest part of the threaded section.
It sounds like you're confusing torque-to-yield bolts with torqueing processes, such as those which use a degree of turn. Different things. You won't commonly see any hardware store bolt that is able to be considered a torque-to-yield bolt. A bolt that is stretched specifically is going to fail at the threads before stretching a shank that is larger than the minor diameter of the threads.