Funny thing about designs and modern engineering... testing in design phases is increasingly being done by simulations instead of building full-scale working units.
It's a great idea until it isn't. Flawed data in leads to flawed data out. Let's not pretend we perfectly know how everything in the universe interacts, it's why 'new' discoveries are constantly being made. You could leave some unknown or thought insignificant thing out and all of a sudden what worked one way in simulation does something.... somehow different in real life.
Kinda how old cars keep running somewhat broken and falling apart, and new junk sits bricked until you fix piddling crap. The newer, the more modern... the more to break and go wrong.
Test? Now we're in my bread and butter. Simulations suck, garbage in garbage out. Gotta run it end to end if you want a straight answer. Don't try and tell me a software only upgrade doesn't need the same rigor of test.